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 South at the top: our modern usage of North on top is merely a convention, not yet firmly fixed in the 16th century. It was also commonplace in this period to use parallels of climate instead of latitude parallels. |
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 Latitude could be determined readily, but longitude presented a problem for both cartographers and navigators. In Cosmographia Apianus proposes the use of the lunar distance method to determine longitude. It would take over 200 years before this method became practical. |
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