Harry College Fives trophy, 1904. Image courtesy of the Causton family.

Much of the focus upon the life of Henry ‘Harry’ Moseley relates to his scientific achievements but in parallel to these, he was a keen sportsman throughout his early education and University studentship.  Harry’s sporting interests began with the game of ‘Fives’ a sport he first took up as a student at Summer Fields in north Oxford which he attended between 1897 and 1901. This was not the traditional English handball sport of ‘Fives’ but rather ‘racquet-fives’, the game now known as squash. There are many mentions of the game of ‘racquet-fives’ in school magazines as well as letters in the Summer Fields archives but it was not until 1922, over twenty years after Harry had left Summer Fields, that the first ‘hand-fives’ (more commonly known as ‘Fives’) courts were constructed in the school playground. The new ‘Fives’ courts were constructed, in part, to honour the memory of the Old Summer Field students (including Harry) who were killed in the First World War.

‘Eton Fives’ was one of the many sports Harry was encouraged to pursue during his time at Eton and Harry willingly participated in all the sports available to him with the exception of cricket. ‘Eton Fives’ was and is the most common variant of Fives, a traditional English handball sport, so called as it was first developed at Eton College from essentially hitting a ball against the side of the chapel. The basic pattern of play is quite like rackets or squash, but there is no singles version of the game, and you hit the ball with your hands (protected by gloves) rather than a racket. In 1901, Harry left Summer Fields for Eton College on a King’s scholarship and continued to play ‘Eton Fives’ for his five years at the school between 1901 and 1906. The first proper ‘Eton Five’ courts were built at Eton in 1847, so Harry would have been able to play officially rather than when the boys thought they wouldn’t get caught! In 1904, Harry won an internal house competition for ‘Eton Fives’ – for King’s scholars such as Harry only – and was awarded the small tankard shown as a prize.

Sports of all kind, in particular rowing, were esteemed at Eton during this period and Harry actively participated in Eton Fives alongside Eton football, and rowing. He determinedly pursued success in rowing and was eventually awarded a place in the second College Fours although he preferred to use rowing as a means of solitary pursuit of birds eggs – Harry saw his sporting activities as being complementary to his academic and scientific activities In 1904, the same year Harry was awarded the ‘Eton Fives’ tankard trophy shown, he was also awarded a copy of Charles Darwin’s The Descent of Man (1899) as an academic prize in spring 1904. The book is now held in the Trinity College War Memorial Library to which it was donated by Harry’s mother Amabel after the war.

When Harry left Eton College in 1906, he went up to Oxford where he studied Natural Sciences (eventually choosing physics) at Trinity College and was awarded a Millard scholarship.  He also continued his parallel academic and sporting activities: rowing in the college 1st eight (once) and college 2nd eight (thrice) during his four years at Oxford.

With thanks to the Causton family for the photograph of Harry’s Eton Fives trophy as well as Eleanor Hoare, College Archivist at Eton College, for further information about the game of Eton Fives and Gavin Hannah, for further information about ‘racquet fives’ at Summer Fields.

Further Information
Harry Moseley at Summer Fields, 1897 – 1901 by Gavin Hannah, Summer Fields, Oxford, Editor Summer Fields, the First 150 Years (Third Millennium, 2014).

Gavin Hannah, Summer Fields, the First 150 Years (Third Millennium, 2014): 126-127.

Eton College – Fives

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Moseley’s death in 1915 was a great loss both personally and to science. As a gifted young physicist, he was a likely candidate for one of the Nobel Prizes of 1916. However, it was not be.

Summer Fields school photograph of ‘A Regular Fix’ cast in costume including Moseley in centre back (1900).

At the beginning of the Michaelmas Term 1897, Henry Moseley, better known to his friends and family as Harry, began his Summer Fields career as one of twenty-eight new boys. One can readily imagine the heady mixture of excitement tinged with apprehension as they set foot in a strange, new world and climbed on to the springboard for what should have been a straightforward trajectory: prep school, public school, university or some sort of specific professional training, leading to a prosperous and comfortable life thereafter. But, for these twenty-eight, Fate intervened. In 1914, Europe was plunged into a four-year war of bloody attrition which claimed the lives of millions – combatants and non-combatants alike. In Britain, tens of thousands of volunteers quickly offered themselves for military service, motivated variously by patriotism, a sense of adventure, or by the notion that Britain had just cause to go to war, because, as Thomas Hardy put it, ‘the Germans wanted to fight’. What did 1914-18 have in store for Harry Mosley and ‘the class of 1897’? How did they fare?

One new boy, Stewart Ferguson, left after only one year and little else is known about him. He is therefore excluded from most of the statistics that follow. Not all of his new companions were intimate friends, but Harry would have been acquainted with all of them, sharing many experiences both in the classroom and on the sports field.

Summer Fields 1901 Scholars.

On the outbreak of hostilities, twenty-three of the remaining twenty-seven (85%) took their place in the First World War. This piece focuses on these boys and, principally, on those who did not survive. In 1914, their average age was 26. By that date, all had completed their secondary education, the majority having been to Eton, with Charterhouse and the naval training ship, HMS Britannia, the next most popular destinations. Table 1 below provides a detailed breakdown of their schools, including Britannia.

Table1: Summer Fields new boys 1897: Schools of those who served in World War I

In terms of the university education of those who went to war, Cambridge was the preferred place for seven boys; only three went to Oxford: Harry Moseley to Trinity in 1906; William Waller, a medical man who studied at New College and University College Hospital and Caryl Hargreaves, at Christ Church. James Wilson read medicine in London and Charles Saltren-Willett studied Engineering in the brand-new department at Birmingham.

Of the twenty-three in the war, eleven were killed. This represents 48% of those who served and 39% of the original 1897 group. These are high percentages, especially so when compared with the 12.5% death-rate for serving personnel calculated for Britain as a whole. This national figure includes all ranks. Virtually all of those of Moseley’s year who were killed (91%) were junior officers leading their men into battle or succumbing to snipers. Two of the eleven died later of wounds received in action. Interestingly, all those who lost their lives had served in the Army; their average age at death was just 28.

How does this group compare, in terms of the proportion of those killed to those who served, with that for the whole school? According to the Summer Fields Register, approximately 641 Summerfieldians took part in the war; there are 139 names on the Memorial Brasses outside the Chapel. This gives a death-to-service proportion of 21%. However, if we take Chris Sparrow’s slightly higher total of 142 deaths [Chris Sparrow, No Time to Spare? Our Boys who went to War… (Gresham Book Ltd, Oxford, 2006), p. 206], this increases to 22%. The true figure must lie somewhere in this region and, again, is significantly higher than the national average for Great Britain.

What was the pattern of death across the war years for the unfortunate eleven? As shown in Table 2, the year 1915 was the worst, when Harry Moseley and four of his former contemporaries were killed.

Table 2: Summer Fields new boys 1897: The Pattern of Death in 1914-18

The specific military context of each death may be studied in Chris Sparrow’s book, mentioned above. Nonetheless, it is interesting to draw together some other points concerning Moseley’s early friends and acquaintances. Theodore Bailward and Maurice Rutherfurd died in 1915, having been exact contemporaries at Summer Fields and Rugby. In the same year perished Robert Squires (Charterhouse), a keen mountaineer and member of the Alpine Club. Squires was famed for being part of a British team which in 1912 made the first ascent of Mt. Kolahoi, a Himalayan peak of 18,000ft. in Kashmir. He was killed on 9 August, the day before Harry Moseley. Moseley and his fellow Etonian, Roger Gelderd-Somervell, died just five months apart. Moseley was killed in action on 10 August during the assault on the high ground at Chunuk Bair during the Dardanelles campaign, reported as being shot by a Turkish sniper; Gelderd-Somervell was killed on 11 March while on attachment to the Indian Army as an interpreter.

During 1916, three more of Moseley’s Summerfieldian acquaintances lost their lives. On 21 January, Hugh North (Wellington) died in action against the Turks in Mesopotamia and Edward Bovill (Harrow) fell a few months later, on Saturday 1 July, the first morning of the battle of the Somme. John Ansthruther, another Eton contemporary of Moseley, was killed in action with the Life Guards on 30 October at Zandvoorde, south-east of Ypres, during a massive German attack on their trenches.

James Wilson (Radley), a doctor with the RAMC, died on 23 August 1917 at Poperinghe from wounds received in action at Somme Farm. He had won an MC during the previous year for his ‘conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty’. On several occasions Wilson had gone up to the front line from his Aid Post to treat and supervise the evacuation of wounded men under heavy fire. His citation recorded that ‘by his pluck and skill he undoubtedly saved many lives’.

The final year of the war, 1918, saw the remaining two deaths of those boys who had started Summer Fields with so much promise in 1897. John Muir (Fettes) was killed in action near Ypres on 11 April. As a major at the time of his death, he held the most senior rank of the eleven to die. Six months later, on 14 October, Maurice Arbuthnot died from his wounds after being invalided home. Arbuthnot was another Etonian contemporary of Moseley. He had had a notable war, winning an MC in 1917 and, just a few months before his death, being honoured by the French with a Croix de Guerre. Arbuthnot was also twice mentioned in despatches and before the war had served as ADC to the cavalry commander, General Sir Hubert Gough.

Harry’s name on the Summer Fields war memorial.

So, what did the post-war years hold in store for those who had started at Summer Fields with Moseley and who had served and survived? Of the five naval men, little is known of Edward Hastings other than that he attained the rank of commander and was awarded an OBE. Francis Bridgeman, who had served in the Dardanelles and at Jutland (1916), became a bank manager with Kleinwort & Co. Frederic Buchanan remained in the Navy, rose to the rank of captain and eventually became the Chief Inspector of HM Coastguards. Richard Guinness (Eton) went into business and Charles Saltren-Willett (Charterhouse) became a successful electrical engineer, dying in 1949.

Of others at Eton with Moseley, John Churchill enjoyed a successful military career winning a DSO and an MC, as well as being three times mentioned in dispatches. He also served as ADC to King George VI from 1947 to 1952. George Henderson, who had entered College as a scholar with Moseley, was also the recipient of an MC. He continued his Royal Flying Corps career in the RAF and was killed in a flying accident in 1930 having survived all the aerial dangers of the Western Front. Caryl Hargreaves worked as a company director and also found time to publish several books, including, A Glimpse at Soviet Russia (1931).

Francis Lee-Norman (Harrow), yet another MC winner, transferred to the RAFVR in 1939, as a change from his service with the Royal Engineers during 1915-18. Later, he enjoyed a successful Civil Service career. After a post in the Foreign Office and a spell as a Company Director, Richard Bryatt (Radley), qualified at St Tomas’s Hospital and became the Medical Officer for Trinity College Glenalmond. Medicine was the calling also of William Waller (Charterhouse). Having spent the war with the RAMC, he was later appointed as a Demonstrator in Physiology at the University of Liverpool. He died in 1946. Finally, Victor Cartwright (Marlborough) quietly took up farming in Warwickshire.

Those were the fortunes of Harry Moseley’s year-group who went to war, 1914-18. The number of medals and mentions in dispatches is testimony that these Old Boys fought bravely. Whether they survived or were killed was down to chance. As Erich Remarque put it, ‘Every soldier owes the fact that he is still alive to a thousand lucky chances and nothing else. And every soldier believes in and trusts to chance’.

A guest blog post by Gavin Hannah, editor of Summer Fields, the First 150 Years (Third Millennium, 2014).

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Early in September 1897, the ten-year-old Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley, generally known as ‘Harry’, arrived at his prep school, Summer Fields, Oxford, as one of a batch of twenty-eight new boys. Founded in 1864, by the energetic and progressive Gertrude Maclaren, initially to teach Greek and Latin to her nine-year-old daughter, the school had soon attracted other pupils and the necessary staff to teach them. Thus, when Harry began his studies Summer Fields was a thriving institution numbering about 120 boys, most of whom were boarders. By that time also, it had established a formidable reputation for the rigour of its teaching, particularly of Classics. Indeed, Summer Fields was renowned for its success in preparing its pupils for the Eton Scholarships. In 1905 for example, no fewer than 19 of the 70 scholars in College at Eton, were Old Summerfieldians.

Moseley’s entry in the Summer Fields school register.

So began an educational journey that took Harry Moseley on to Eton, as a Scholar, in 1901, then to Trinity College, Oxford (also as a Scholar) followed by the Victoria University of Manchester for research under Ernest Rutherford. Moseley then returned to Oxford in 1913 to continue his independent scientific investigations which eventually led to the formulation of Moseley’s Law and a reassessment of the Periodic Table. At the outbreak of the First World War, Moseley forsook the Groves of Academe for the Royal Engineers and while serving as a communications officer in the Gallipoli campaign, he was killed in action on 10 August 1915. Of note is the fact that the Great War claimed the lives of ten of his peers, many of them friends, who had started their Summer Fields careers alongside him.

Thus perished one of this country’s greatest scientific minds; nipped in the bud. Indeed, Rutherford speculated that Moseley might have been awarded a Nobel Prize for physics had his life not been cut short. It is said that he accomplished in a brief but brilliant career of just forty months, what few achieve in a lifetime of research and study.

What then may be said of Harry’s time at Summer Fields? What do we know of that world he entered, centred on an early nineteenth-century villa tucked away in 70 acres of fields at the end of Summerfield Road in Summertown? What of those who taught him? What of Harry’s progress and attainment at the school? Was it from Summer Fields that his passion for science was first stimulated and then nurtured?

Although founded by a woman, Summer Fields was essentially a male world, and for Harry, feminine influence was sadly lacking. The only women he might have met, apart from the kitchen maids (as they were termed), laundry girls and cleaning staff, were Miss Sarah ‘Sally’ Williams, who taught some of the junior boys, Nurse Bright, Miss Lilwall Peirce, the school Matron, Mrs Paine, the Housekeeper and Mabel Williams, the Headmaster’s wife.

However, during his first days Harry would have definitely encountered the redoubtable Miss Wheeler, who taught music. As a new boy, he had to parade before her for an aural test. This consisted of placing one finger on piano keys in an attempt to pick out the melody of the National Anthem. To those with no musical ear came the firm command, ‘You will not learn music.’ Unfortunately, we do not know whether or not Harry was a recipient of this stern rebuke!

Summer Fields school photograph of ‘A Regular Fix’ cast in costume including Moseley in centre back (1900).

In 1897 there were twelve masters including the Headmaster, Dr Williams. Of these, nine were Oxford men, not surprising considering the proximity of the university to the school. Cambridge had only one representative. The two others were graduates of Trinity College, Dublin.

Not all of them taught Harry, but, around the school, he would have encountered such characters as J. F. ‘Crab’ Crofts. Tall, lean, bearded, rather yellow of complexion, he did not suffer fools gladly but was at heart a kindly man. Crofts also hated any rounded back and would stride swiftly and alarmingly along the benches on which boys were apt to lounge, driving into any arched vertebrae a bony-knuckled fist and chanting through clenched teach, ‘Creatures! Creatures! – sit up, sit up!’

Another of Harry’s masters was F. H. ‘Ping-Pong’ Penny from All Souls. Penny was a lugubrious, wraith-like figure, fond of putting on school plays. Care was needed with him as he had a strange habit of walking down the corridors with a clenched fist outstretched in front of him for boys to walk into if they ran round corners!

Harry received his French instruction from G. W. ‘Bam’ Evans. ‘Bam’ was an Irishman with a little moustache and beard who taught his pupils in a broad Dublin accent and enjoyed bowling when playing cricket. Affable and learned in an odd, haphazard way, he had an excellent knowledge of both English as well as French literature and was a fast reader. He once boasted that he had read the whole of Thackeray’s works during one Easter holiday and the whole of Dickens in another. ‘Bam’ had a peculiar habit of coughing with his tongue out and, when speaking, he thrust his face forward until it was within inches of the listener. He lived in Newton, one of the large villas on the school site where, as a keen gardener, he tended the roses with both affection and skill.

Summer Fields Upper Schools register for 1899. Harry is listed the Lower Fourth Form and is in the top three in all subjects.

During his penultimate year, in a Form called the Upper Remove, Harry studied Latin and Greek grammar, as well as the easier plays of Euripides, under the Rev. Edward Hugh ‘Bear’ Alington. Brought up in a strict Victorian parsonage, ‘Bear’ insisted on the highest standards of both discipline and scholarship. He was also a fine sportsman having won a soccer Blue at Oxford. Thus, he organized all the school games. Alington was a firm believer in the idea that effort should be rewarded and he gave a silver pencil case to every boy in his Form who subsequently won a scholarship, so it is highly likely that Harry Moseley boasted one such trophy.

In Fifth Form, Harry was successfully prepared for his Eton Scholarship during his final terms by the renowned Dr Williams, Headmaster 1896-1918. ‘Doctor’, as he was known, was a fine Classical and Biblical scholar – he held an Oxford DD. The Doctor was another austere character who insisted upon the highest standards of scholarship in all aspects of Latin and Greek literature and Grammar. Under him, Harry studied his copy of Borva Notes, a vade mecum of Classical grammar for generations of Summerfieldians. If tradition were followed, in 1901 Harry was taken to Eton by the Doctor along with the other scholarship candidates. The boys wore straw hats with the school ribbon in the colour of Brasenose (the Doctor’s old college). They stayed at the White Hart in Windsor, invariably cramming in some last-minute revision over breakfast at which fish was always served in order to stimulate the brain. They were ‘trained to the hour’, recalls one of Harry’s peers and ‘full of the joy of battle’. Despite the strictness and general austerity of the prevailing Summer Fields regime which Harry endured, one famous Old Summerfieldian later remarked that, ‘Dr Williams and his staff gave us a very happy and encouraging start to our young lives’.

From the surviving Form Lists it is possible to trace some aspects of Harry’s progress and attainment throughout his school career. The Form hierarchy at Summer Fields, which occasionally changed, looks complicated to the modern eye with strange names such as ‘Shells’ and ‘Removes’. In Harry’s day, there were fourteen Forms, ranging from the First Forms for the youngest pupils, to Fifth Form for the potential scholars. Within each Form boys were ranked in order of success in Latin. There was room for movement between Forms (both up and down) during the course of the academic year. The school was further set from top to bottom in nine academic Divisions for other examinable subjects.

The curriculum facing Harry in 1898 (his second year) consisted of Classics (Latin and Greek, with both prose and elementary verse composition), maths, English, French, Divinity, history, geography, dictation, spelling, music, drawing, carpentry, gymnastics, athletics and swimming. Opportunities existed for drama, but there is no mention of science!

As a New Boy, in 1897, Harry was placed in the Upper Second Form. This suggests that his academic ability had already been recognized as there were three Forms below this to which new boys could be assigned. By May 1899, having moved through the Third Forms, and skipped the ‘Shells’, Harry appears in the Lower Fourth. From the Lists, it seems that he was no mean Classicist as he is ranked second in a Form of ten boys. Indeed at the end of that Summer Term, Harry was awarded the Classics Prize; ‘Bear’ Alington, the adjudicator, claiming that the overall standard of Harry’s Latin grammar was higher than his skills in pose composition. At this stage, he was better at maths than English; placed in the 2^nd Division for maths, but only the 5^th for English.

In September 1899, Harry was significantly promoted to the Lower Remove. Again in ‘Latin Order’, he is listed as 4^th in the class of ten. Still in the 2^nd Division for maths, he has now moved up the 3^rd for English.

By 1901, his final year, Harry was a member of Fifth Form – the group of potential scholars. Fifth Form was usually constituted as a class only in the January of the relevant scholarship year. Thus, Harry probably spent the Lent, Summer and Michaelmas Terms of 1900 in Upper Remove before his final elevation to the ranks of the school’s academic élite.

Classical teaching was the most efficient in the school and very effective in securing Eton scholarships. Everything on the work side was geared towards them. The teaching approach was skilfully devised to prepare the boys for examination conditions. For most lessons in his two final years, Harry perched on his stool in a half circle around the desks respectively of ‘Bear’ Alington and Dr Williams. He and his peers attended extra evening sessions laid on in the Doctor’s private quarters, at which the boys received cake as an incentive to master their irregular Greek and Latin verbs. Harry was trained as thoroughly as a racehorse. Even at table, after meals, the study of Latin and Greek grammar was the order of the day for potential scholars.

Summer Fields Scholars photo (1901).

All the Doctor’s drive and encouragement paid off and the result was academic success. Harry won the 5^th King’s Scholarship to Eton in a year when Summer Fields achieved a total of seven Eton awards, ‘although not the First KS which we have successfully held against all-comers for the last five years’. Harry Moseley had done well. His own Classics papers were described as being ‘of a very high standard’ by the Eton examiners. In his final Prize Giving Harry received the top award for mathematics and the ‘Supplementary Prize’ for Classics in Fifth Form. This latter award, although a kind of proxime accessit, strongly suggests, when assessed against Sumer Fields standards in Classics at that time, that Harry was truly a fine Latin and Greek scholar. That his mind was clear and logical is suggested again by his success in mathematics.

As might be expected in a school founded by a woman whose husband, Archibald Maclaren, ran the Oxford Gymnasium and wrote physical training manuals for the Army, the notion of health and fitness achieved through sport was highly valued at Summer Fields. Unfortunately, Harry Moseley does not feature in this aspect of the school. His name never graces any of the team lists for the major games, such as cricket and football, although he did enjoy a little golf. On the playing fields, the well-organized games and athletics, included the amusing ‘Torpids’ in which the boys ran bumping races over low hurdles wearing in their caps coloured ribbons of either Oxford or Cambridge colleges of their choice. Most boys naturally chose Oxford colleges and a popular college could have a large number of ‘boats’ on the ‘river’. None of this appealed to Harry and it is even recorded that he ‘lost his place in Torpids’ during the Lent Term of 1899. Later, of course, he rowed he rowed in real Torpids for Trinity College when at Oxford.

Harry’s most notable athletic achievement seems to have been to pass his swimming test during the summer of 1900. This he achieved in the muddy ‘deep end’ bathing place on the Cherwell where the river flows alongside the school fields. He had to swim to the far bank and back then tread water, hands held up aloft, while his feet pedalled. The whole operation was directed from the bank by the Doctor issuing his commands through a megaphone. Fortunately for Harry, the final verdict was, ‘Passed!’, rather than, ‘oh dear, not yet’, that reserved for those who sank!

So, how did Moseley’s passion for science begin and what was the role of Summer Fields in developing it? Clearly, Harry Moseley was an intelligent and observant boy and his innate interest in the natural world around him may have sparked the desire to learn more about how it worked. There was a strong family influence, too. His father was Linacre professor of Anatomy at Oxford and both his grandfathers were Fellows of the Royal Society. It would have been surprising had there not been scientific conversations at home.

Sadly for Summer Fields, there is little that the school can take credit for in this respect. Science was not highly regarded during Harry’s days there. It was barely part of the curriculum and such material as was taught was rudimentary, to say the least, when compared to the advanced standards of Classics. It is true that there was an unhurried trend towards the observation of scientific phenomena through controlled experiments. And science became especially appealing to inquisitive boys when a young woman arrived to teach biology and told a group of embarrassed, but attentive, twelve-year-olds the facts of life, with diagrams. Sadly she lasted less than a term! But such developments came long after Moseley had left.

School cups and prizes awarded to Moseley League, Summer Fields

If Harry were a boy at Summer Fields in 2015, he would enjoy a very high standard of science teaching in a dedicated, well-equipped science centre with specific laboratories for chemistry, physics and biology, as well as a state-of-the art ICT suite.

It is most likely that Harry’s science began to flourish at Eton in a school with better facilities and generally more science on the curriculum. There, his aptitude for science began to bear fruit and in December 1905, he received two ‘Natural Science’ prizes for chemistry and physics, some of the earliest scientific honours to come his way.

However, if intellectual discipline, hard work, perceptiveness, inquisitiveness, observation, rigorous analysis, critical thinking and clear expression, both orally and on paper, are considered to be some of the prerequisites of a good scientist, Summer Fields may be said to have honed these skills in Harry’s early days.

Harry’s name on the Summer Fields war memorial.

In 1926, the four Summer Fields ‘Leagues’, modelled on the public-school House system, were first introduced to give the boys some esprit de corps. ‘Moseley’ was chosen as the name for one of them. Its colour is blue. To-day, the Leagues serve as organizational units for competitions of all kinds, both academic and sporting, and Moseley comprises roughly one quarter of the school population. Harry Moseley’s name is daily on the lips of many boys and, a century after his death, he thus lives on.

Summer Fields: the Interior of the Macmillan Hall and Music Centre, formerly the gymnasium during Harry’s time at the school. Photograph by Elizabeth Bruton.

Summer Fields: The modern library, formerly the dining room during Harry’s time at the school. Photograph by Elizabeth Bruton.

Summer Fields: A view of the cricket fields, as they are now and were during Harry’s time at the school. Photograph by Elizabeth Bruton.

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