Mathematical Practice
In the 16th and 17th centuries mathematics was promoted and understood more as a practical set of activities than a pure and abstract discipline. Astronomy, navigation, surveying and sundialling were all considered as mathematical arts, united by common foundations in arithmetic and geometry. From the mid-16th century, English rather than Latin became the standard choice of language for newly printed mathematical texts which emphasised the practicality and accessibility of their subjects. At the same time the commercial trade of mathematical instrument making was founded in London, and there was a close relationship between publishing and manufacture.
From its origins, this tradition of mathematical practice extended to the building trades. Its focus was not the study of architectural design and proportion, but the development of accurate techniques for the measurement of stone and timber. Such quantity surveying was taught through arithmetical and geometrical rules and embodied in wood and brass rulers carrying ingenious, special-purpose scales. Mathematical practice provided upwardly mobile ‘mechanicians’ with a route to intellectual status and social elevation.