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Mathematical Instruments
Signed by Christoph Schissler
Later 16th century; German
Gilt brass and leather; 390 x 340 mm

The wooden fitted case and lift-out fitted tray contain the following instruments.

A rule with shaped ends and one bevelled edge, with six 1-foot scales divided to inches.

A rule and volvelle, the rule with a scale ('[star] AVGSPVRGER [star] WERCKSCHVCH GETHEILT [star] IN [star] 360 [star] THEIL[star]') divided on one side 0 to 12, and on the other 0 to 360, divided to 10, subdivided to 2 and to 1, numbered by 10. To one side of the rule is a circular extension, reinforced, with two circular scales, one 0 to 480, divided to 10, subdivided to 2, numbered by 10, the other 0 to 24, divided to 1, subdivided to 1/4, numbered by 1, with a pivoted index arm with foliate decoration for converting between the scales. The disc is marked with the four named cardinal directions and has a glazed compass box with a magnetic needle.

A gunner's level and sight, comprising a sector of a circle, set upright, with a central vertical slot with a pinhole adjustable by a screw, and a blued steel plummet. The sector has clinometer scales, the slot has a linear scale 0 to 7, divided to 1, subdivided to 1/3, numbered by 1. The reverse has 2 circular scales marked 'S' and 'H' with friction-tight pointers; they relate to the scales on the front and are presumably aide-memoires.

A crude sector-shaped level, open in the centre, with an arc with an unnumbered scale; perhaps a later addition.

A rule with an attached compass, signed 'CHRI : SCHISS : Ao. 15 99'. The rule has a linear scale 0 to 60, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 6 At one end is a round, glazed compass box, with silvered scale and magnetic needle, the centre of the compass lying on the continuation of the bevelled edge of the rule.

Four gilt brass rules of similar lengths, with different attachments such as steel points and pivots; it may be possible to assemble them in different configurations for different purposes and they probably comprise a universal surveying or triangulation instrument. They have a variety of linear and non-linear scales, including 'SCALA MVLTANGVLORVM REGVLARIVM', 'SCALA GLOBI FERRI' and 'SCALA GLOBI PLVMBRI', and 'GRADVS ELEVATIONES POLI'.

A set of four rules with similar scales held together by pivots, each with a scale 0 to 120, divided to 10, subdivided to 2, numbered by 10. Together they could form a type of geometrical quadrant.

A magnetic compass in a gimbal mount, with a hemispherical compass bowl, and magnetic needle moving over a scale 0 to 60, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 5. A circular lid has a scale 1 to 24, divided to 1, subdivided to 1/2 and to 1/4, numbered by 1, with a friction-tight index arm.

A magnetic compass on a hinged bracket for fitting on to another instrument. The glazed compass box has a silvered base with target line and a magnetic needle and a scale 0 to 100, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 5.

A turned brass pen and pricker.

A three-leaf folding plumb-line stand, silvered, with a suspension hole and target point.

A pair of brass right-angled keys with pivoting handles, to fit a winding or cranking square.

Four gilt-brass pinhole sights.

Two sleeves for rectangular-section rods, one with two clamping screws.

A brass-cased magnet, mounted on a brass bar with two fixing holes.

A beam compass arm (the trammels and points are missing), with linear scales on all four numbered sides, 0 to 840, 0 to 960, 0 to 1080, 0 to 1200, all divided to 10, subdivided to 2, numbered by 10.

A gunner's level and sight, on a rectangular base shaped to fit the gun contour, carrying an upright brass plate rising to a cornice surmounted by the head of a man. The plate has seven sighting holes, numbered [0] to 6, with a scale divided to 1/2, subdivided to 1/4. A transverse hinge allows the upright to pivot longitudinally, and there is provision for a plumb-line (missing) fitting. A shorter upright for a plummet (missing) is mounted separately on the base and does not move with the hinges, and has a clinometer arc 20 to 0 to 20, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 5.

An elliptical trammel comprising an equal-arm cross with slots. Sliding pivots moving in the slots carry screws fitting holes in a moveable beam, one fitting into the end of the beam, the other one of four alternative holes along its length. The mount for a pen or point slides on the arm (clamping screw missing).

A gunner's level, sight and sundial, has an upright plate with a central slot and steel plummet, the base being contoured to the gun. Brass strips on either side of the slot have scales, on one side a vertical sundial or altitude scale, on the other two scales for shot. A brass plate with a pinhole sight moves in the slot and is marked towards the sundial 'HOR. COM:', and towards the altitude scale 'GRAD ALTI:'.

A clinometer on a curved base, with a vertical semicircle scale 90 to 0 to 90, divided to 10, subdivided to 2, numbered by 10, with a brass plummet.

A pivoted beam compass with square-section arms and a 3-element pivot has steel-tipped points on either side of the pivot, and 4 trammel heads, each with a clamping screw and a steel point.

A pair of rules with steel compass points and a variety of scales including 'SCALA ALTIMETRA' and 'SCALA ALTITVDI ? SOLIS:?'. The rules van be configures as a single rule with a linear scale on one side 0 to 60, divided to 5, subdivided to 1/5, numbered by 5, and on the other the equivalent of these divisions to five are subdivided to 1, 2, 3, 4, etc, successively to 12, and numbered 1 to 12 accordingly.

A small sinecal quadrant has a square with one extended arm pivoted at its apex. The quadrant has a grid of lines from scales 0 to 20, divided to 1, numbered by 5, with a pattern of hatching among the squares. The quadrant arc has a scale 0 to 90, divided to 2, numbered by 10. The shorter arm of the square has a scale similar to the sides of the quadrant, the longer has a scale 0 to 3, divided to 1, subdivided to 1/10 with alternate hatching, numbered by 1.

A folding square with scales on both arms, one 0 to 60, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 5, the other with a series of divisions equal to 6 units of the first scale, each subdivided to 1, 2, 3, etc to 12, numbered respectively 1 to 12.

A circular compass box pivots in a fork mount carried by a transverse arm attached to a rule with a scale 0 to 100, divided to 5, subdivided to 1, numbered by 5.

A circular glazed compass box pivots in a ring mount with a fixing pin to one side, with a silvered scale 0 to 60, divided to 10, subdivided to 5 and to 1, numbered by 5.

A plumb-line stand in a trefoil shape.

A circular brass target with a fixing rod.

Two turned brass covers.

The box has a hinged lid and is covered with brown leather with decorative gold tooling on the top and sides. The inside and the lift-out tray are lined with chamois leather.

Jim Bennett

Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Firenze
Inventory nos 2532 and 2540 to 2543

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